Why Finland's Education System Reversed Its Slide — And What the Rest of the World Missed

Finland's PISA scores declined for a decade after international education systems copied its no-homework, low-testing model — while misunderstanding the deeper cultural and teacher-quality infrastructure that made the original system work. A 2025 OECD analysis identifies the three systemic factors that matter more than any single teaching methodology, and finds that the countries making the fastest progress share a counterintuitive investment pattern that most policymakers overlook.

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